Abstract:Finding approximate equilibria for large-scale imperfect-information competitive games such as StarCraft, Dota, and CounterStrike remains computationally infeasible due to sparse rewards and challenging exploration over long horizons. In this paper, we propose a multi-agent starting-state sampling strategy designed to substantially accelerate online exploration in regularized policy-gradient game methods for two-player zero-sum (2p0s) games. Motivated by an assumption that offline demonstrations from skilled humans can provide good coverage of high-level strategies relevant to equilibrium play, we propose the initialization of reinforcement learning data collection at intermediate states sampled from offline data to facilitate exploration of strategically relevant subgames. Referring to this method as Data-Augmented Game Starts (DAGS), we perform experiments using synthetic datasets and analytically tractable, long-horizon control variants of two-player Kuhn Poker, Goofspiel, and a counterexample game designed to penalize biased beliefs over hidden information. Under fixed computational budgets, DAGS enables regularized policy gradient methods to achieve lower exploitability in games with significantly more challenging exploration. We show that augmenting starting state distributions when solving imperfect information games can lead to biased equilibria, and we provide a straightforward mitigation to this in the form of multi-task observation flags. Finally, we release a new set of benchmark environments that drastically increase exploration challenges and state counts in existing OpenSpiel games while keeping exploitability measurements analytically tractable.
| Comments: | 17 pages, 4 figures. JB Lanier and Nathan Monette contributed equally |
| Subjects: | Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computer Science and Game Theory (cs.GT); Multiagent Systems (cs.MA) |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2605.14379 [cs.LG] |
| (or arXiv:2605.14379v1 [cs.LG] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2605.14379 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) |
Submission history
From: J.B. Lanier [view email]
[v1]
Thu, 14 May 2026 05:00:52 UTC (160 KB)